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Writing, Singing, Fashion Designing, Painting and Photography:)): "PUTAGENIC": John Carlo V. Pineda   “PUTAGHENIC” (a tragic story) “Putaaaaaaaaaaa !, Putang Ina, naihi ka na naman sa salawal mo, aba diba’y ma...

THESIS-- CRITICAL PAPER

Isang HALIMBAWA NG THESIS 

“Anu-Ano ang mga salik na tumutulak sa tao na gumamit ng Impormal na wika sa iba’t-ibang sitwasyon at pamamaraan”

I.INTRODUKSYON

     Sa panahon ngayon, hindi na natin maikakaila ang mabilis na pagbabago ng wika.Katunayan, sa halos lahat ng dako , kapuna-puna ang pamamayani ng mga salitang impormal.Ang mga salitang ito ay mga salitang imbento na karaniwang bukambibig ngayon ng mga kabataan.Mga salitang wala sa pamantayan at masasabing taliwas sa wikang kinagisnan.Sabi nga nila, “ Everything is on the process of Alteration” lahat ng bagay ay may kakayahang magbago.Pero, kusa lang ba itong nagbabago o sadyang may mga salik at mga aspeto na syang bumabago nito?Masasabi ba nating modelo ito ng makabagong Filipino ngayon? Ito ba ay kumakatawan sa ating pagkalahi?Ang mga usaping pangwika ay sadyang mahalaga sapagkat sumasalamin ito sa kaluluwa ng lahi na syang dumidikta kung saan ka nabibilang.

   Ang pag-aaral ng wika ay mahalaga.Kailangan ito dahil di naman napapatid ang mga impluwensya ma pa pormal o impormal man ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa pagbabago nito (Jejemon,Bekimon,Salitang kalye atbp.) kaakibat ang sitwasyon sa paggamit at pamamaraan.

   Ang salitang kabaklaan at salitang kanto ay siyang pangunahing mga impornal na wika ngayon na patuloy na kumakalat.Sila ang grupo ng mga bakla at istambay na siyang walang takot na naglalabas ng mga bagong imbentong salita. Ngunit sa pagkakataong ito, paano ba nila naimbento ang mga ito at bakit nila binabago?

Ang mga kadahilanan kung bakit nila bibinibigyan ng bagong mukha ang wika ay  base sa kanilang sariling istandard ng ideolohiya.Una, nais ng mga bading na magkaroon ng kakaibang impresyon mula sa lipunang kinabibilangan kaugnay ng kanilang hangarin na bumuo ng eksklusibong pagkakakilanlan na siyang tatatak sa kanilang katauhan bilang bagong tao ng henerasyon. Bukod  pa dito, pati laman ng kalye o tambay ay gumagawa narin ng sariling salita na sumasabibig na din ng nakararami.

Madalas at madaling  sabihin na kapag hindi ka nakapag-aral ay nagkakaroon ka ng sariling basehan sa pagkatuto at iyon ang dahilan ng pagbuo nila ng mga imbento na salita na sa kalaunan ay bukambibig na rin ng ibang tao.Dagdag pa dito, may mga ilan namang dahil gumagamit ng impormal ay dahil lamang sa udyok ng panahon o pangangailangan, nakikiuso kung baga.

  Ano ba ang pinagkaiba ng Impormal at pormal na wika? May basehan ba ang mga tao upang malaman ang pagkakaiba nito? Ang pakikipagkomunikasyon ay isa sa mga mahahalagang bagay na kayang gawin ng isang tao dahil sa pamamagitan nito ay napapanatili ang pagkakaintindihan.Karamihan sa mga  tao ngayon ay ginagamit ang wika sa paraan kung saan sila mas komportable gamitin ito.Ito ay isa sa mga dahilan ng impuwensiya ng tao na yumakap sa mga pagbabagong nangyayari sa ating wika.

Anu-ano nga ba ang salik na tumutulak sa tao upang gamitin ang Impormal na salita?Makikita ito sa mga halimbawang sitwasyon.Una, sa Textmessage, mapapansin dito ang paglaganap ng shortcut words.Ito ay ang kulang na buong salita, sa sitwasyong ito makikita ang pagsunod ng tao sa kung saan mas komportable sa paghatid ng mensahe dahil napaiikli at napapadali nito ang pakikipag ugnayan.Pangalawa, sa mga sitwasyong pormal, gaya ng interview , makikita at mapupuna dito ang mga salitang gagamitin ng interviewee, kakikitaan ito ng paggalang, pag iingat at pagiging pormal sa salita na nasa pamantayan.Sa  mga sitwasyon ito mababakas na ang paggamit ng salita ay naaayon at naka depende sa sitwasyon at pangangailangan.

Ang pormal na salita ay ang mga salitang pamantayan dahil ito ay kinikilala, tinatanggap at ginagamit ng karamihang nakapag aral sa wika.Ito rin ay gumagamit ng bokabularyo na mas kumplikado kaysa sa ginagamit sa araw-araw na usapan.Ito rin ay kalimitang ginagamit sa mga paaralan at sa iba pang may pangkapaligirang intelekwal .Ang Impormal na salita ay ang mga salitang karaniwan at palasak sa mga pang araw-araw na pakikipagusap, pakikipagsulatan sa mga kakilala o kaibigan.

II.RESULTA

SALITANG bakla/BILANG NG MGA RESPONDENTS NA MAY ALAM SA SALITA	SALITANG kanto/BILANG NG MGA RESPOMDENTS AN MAY ALAM SA SALITA
Werlabu/48	Dyowa/50
Itey/50	Bangag/50
Akik/35	Epal/48
Tayis/25	Erpat/50
Mudra/50	Jologs/50
Pudra/50	Sabog/50
Wit/50	Tsibog/50
Plangak/49	Sibat/50
Wa/43	Pok-pok/50
Aura/34	Chicha/34
Gora/50	Goli/50
Keme/45	‘tol/50
Kebs/50	‘dre/50

Sa partikular na pag-aaral naming ito, nagsagawa kami ng survey at interview.50 respondents ang mga kinatawan na pinaghugutan ng mg sagot para sa research article na ito.Sa ibaba ay makikita ang dayagram para sa mga nakalap na datos.

Samakatuwid, halos lahat ng mga respondents ay napatunayang gumagamit ng impormal na salita.

32 out of 50 ang mga sumagot na mas madalas nilang marinig ang mga salitang kanto.18 out of 50 naman para sa salitang bakla.Ibig sabihin mas kalat o mas alam sa mga panahong ito ang salita ng mga tambay sa kalye kaysa sa salita ng mga bakla.

Resulta kung ilan ang mga pabor sa dalawang impormal na salita.Makikita sa dayagram na mas maraming mas pabor sa salitang kanto.

Gamit ang survey at interbyu, napag alaman namin na halos lahat ay bumatay sa impluwensiya ng makabagong panahon tulad ng mga lumalantad na bagong tao ng henerasyon gaya ng mga bakla at tambay.

Marami sa mga napatunayan naming gumagamit ng impormal na salita bilang sangkap sa unang instrumento namin sa survey ay halos alam lahat ang mga salitang karaniwang bukambibig ng mga tunay at aminadong kabilang sa mga hindi nag aaral at sa mga bakla.

Sinasabi nito na kung sinu man ang mas may maraming kaibigan sa dalawang magka ibang impornal na salita (bading at kanto boy) ay ganoon kalaki ang posibilidad na makapag salita ng kanilang imbentong salita na sa kalaunan ay nagiging natural na sa kanilang pandinig.

Lumilitaw sa unang kalahating survey na ang mga taong gumagamit ng impormal na wika ay natutuwa sa imbentong salita sapagkat sa parte daw nila ay lumalabas na “astig”  ka at na ka “in’ ka kapag alam mo ang mga salitang iyon at napatunayan din  na kapag marami ang gumagamit ng mga ganitong salita ay may posibilidad na sumabay sila.

Samakatuwid, isang impluwensiya din sa isang tao ang udyok ng nakararami at panahon kung kayat napipilitan at nagagamit nila ang mga salita na hindi nila namamalayan.

Bilang karagdagan, napatunayan na hindi lamang dahil sa impluwensiyang sikolohikal at sosyolohikal nahihikayat ang mga tao na gumamit ng impormal na salita bagkus na aayon din sa sitwasyon at naka depende dito kung saan  ibabatay ang mga salitang iyong mga babanggitin.

Halimbawa na lamang sa mga diskusyon sa loob ng paaralan.Kailangan mong gumamit ng mga salitang nasa pamantayan dahil nasa paligid ka ng kapaligirang pang intelektwal.Tulad din kapag kausap mo lang ang iyong kaibigan, sinisunod mo kung saan mas komportable at sanay makipag usap sa isang kaibigan.

Sa resulta naman ng pakikipanayam, malakas na sinuportahan nito ang resulta ng survey dahil mas lalong pumaigting na malaki ang impluwensiya kapag marami kang kaibigan sa magkabilang panig dahil mismo kapag marami kang kaibigan o ka barkada sa mga gumagamit ng impormal na salita ay sa kalaunan pati ang partikular na dahilan ng paglikha ng mga ito ay nakukuha ng mga tao, ibig sabihin naiintindihan  mo mismo ng maigi ang kanilang mga kadahilanan at natatangay ka na ng kanilang mga ideolohiya.

III.INTERPRETASYON

Ang mga lenggwahe ng mga bading gayundin ng mga tambay ay mabilis na naging popular at sumabibig ng masa(Ramos: 1988).Ang katotohanang ito ay hindi na nakagugulat dahil mismo ang mga taong lumilikha ng mga imbentong salita ay mabilis din ang pagdami.

Repleksiyon ito ng mabilis na pagsulpot ng mga makabagong ideolohiya na patuloy na nagtutunggali maging sa kasalukuyan kung kayat nagiging dahilan ito ng mga nalilitong kabataan na  mapasama sa mga makabagong tao ng henerasyon.Sa ganitong kalagayan mapupuna ang ibat-ibang impluwensiyang nagmumula sa mga nagdadala ng mga bagong ideolohiya tulad ng mga bakla at mga tambay.

Mula sa mga impluwensiyang nabanggit sa resulta ng survey at interbyu ay malinaw na lumilitaw na may mga aspeto at salik talaga na tumutulak sa tao na gumamit ng impormal na wika na maaring makuha natin sa mga taong madalas nating kasama sa araw araw, mga kapalagayang loob at mga kakilala kaugnay ng udyok ng panahon at sitwasyon.

Sa mabilis na pagdami ng mga taong gumagamit ng impormal na wika ay hindi malayong magpatuloy ang pag ani ng kumpiyansa na lumikha muli ng mga bago ang mga taga likha ng mga imbentong salita sa susunod na bagong henerasyon.

IV.KONKLUSYON

Sa kabuuan, masasabi namin na ang mga Pilipino ay sadyang likas na malikhain at mahilig mag-imbento ng salita.Patunay nito na karamihan sa mga kabataan ngayon ay nagtataglay na ng liberal na pag iisip na siyang pangunahing dahilan ng pagyakap nila sa makabagong gawi partikular na sa pananalita.

Ang mga nasasaksihan natin sa kasalukuyan, lalong lalo na ang pagbabago nila sa wika ay batay sa kanilang kagustuhan.Dito mahihinuha na sinusunod nila ang paraan ng pananalita na kung saan sila mas komportable gamitin ang wika

Ag pagbabagong ito ay lubhang hindi na matatalikuran dahil  kalat na kalat na sa halos lahat ng dako.Samakatwid, sa kalaunan, ay magiging natural o likas na lamang sa ating pandinig ang mga ganito an maaring makatugon sa pangangailangan at modernisasyon lalong lalo na sa mga taong  yumayakap na sa ganitong uri ng pagbabago.

Ang ugaling pinoy na barkadahan, pag-istambay sa mga kalye, at paglalantad ng mga bading ay siyang pangunahing dahilan ng malawakang impluwensiyahan.Sa mga sitwasyong ito makikita kung paano nababago ang ideolohiya ng isang tao, mga instansyang pakikibagay at pakikipagpalagayan.

Sa kalagayan ng wikang Filipino ngayon, patungo an ito sa ganap na pagbabago.Ang kailangan lamang ay patuloy na maging bukas ang isipan sa mga ganitong usapin na dulot ng makabagong anyo ng kultura , pamamayagpag ng mga bagong ideolohiya at modernisasyon.

Ang mga nangyayari sa ating wika ay patunay lamang ng mabilis na pagbago ng panahon kasabay ng mga nagbabagong ideolohiya ng mga tao na siyang tumutulak upang basagin at hamakin ang makabagong pamamaraan lalo na sa wika na siyang pangunahing aspeto natin upang magkaroon ng istandard sa pagkakaintindihan.

An Economics Critical Analysis

John Carlo V. Pineda

BAMP-2A

What could be the best Tax system for the Philippines?

I.INTRODUCTION

In every corner of the world, poverty is always present. A nation without impoverished citizens is virtually unimaginable. In the Philippines, poverty is not a new problem. In fact, poverty is considered one of the oldest problems ever to arise in the Philippines. It may be true that poverty will always be there as long as there is corruption in the government, but what can we do to reduce poverty if we cannot extinguish it? On the way to school, or anywhere outdoors, it is inevitable to see homeless people with sheets covering their bodies, street children running around, and beggars asking for alms from passers-by along the sidewalks. These people we are all familiar with are labeled as the poor people of society.

What does the word poor mean? According to RA 8425, or the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act, the poor people are “individuals and families whose income is far below the poverty threshold as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and/or cannot afford, in a sustained manner, to provide their minimum basic needs of food, healthcare, education, housing, and other essential amenities of life.” Unable to meet their basic needs most of the time, they search garbage cans for leftovers, look for new places to sleep in, and sometimes steal from those who have what they need. We feel sorry for them, but what is the use of sympathy to them? All we do is sympathize, yet we expect our nation to progress.

      Poverty is widespread in the Philippines. From the north of Luzon to the southernmost island of Mindanao, poverty can be witnessed among the inhabitants of the country. According to a 2011 survey done by the National Statistical Coordination Board, 26.9% of Filipino families, or 32.9% of Filipinos were living below the poverty threshold–the minimum income or expenditure required for a family or individual to meet the basic food and nonfood requirements.

      It is indeed factual that subject Economics is truly very helpful for us to realize the importance of our resources.

II.ADAM SMITH’S PRINCIPLES

Although Adam Smith is often quoted, the so-called "Father of Economics" has rarely been read, either by his detractors or his admirers. Consequently he is often misunderstood.

Smith, who made such a strong stand against the protectionist mercantile system of trade of his day, devoted over ONE THIRD of his masterpiece An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, to discussing the subject of government revenue and the methods by which it may be best collected, including new taxes. This is not generally known.

When examining the different forms of taxation, Smith adheres to four maxims which a good tax should conform to:

1.      "The subject of every State ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the State."

------ This simply say that everyone must pay a heed for this kind of economic tactics for it contributes a lot in developing a progressive country which can sustain our general welfare as a citizens.

2.      "The tax each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, and the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to ever other person."

------ The need of an individual to be satisfied in a clear manner of  taking part of his/her income must always present in every contribution transaction.

3.      "Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it."

------ So, in this case, it is also considered, the time that a person is convenient to pay for the contributor.

4.      "Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the State."

------ All of the purposes for the collection must always inclined in good hand to avoid graft and corruption.

Bearing all these things in mind, there are two types of taxation which obtain Smith's recommendations: a tax on luxury consumables and a tax on ground-rents (the annual value of holding a piece of land).

On the subject of luxury consumables, he is fixedt about the definiton of 'luxury' and of 'necessary.' By his definition, a 'necessary' may vary from place to place and from time to time. At the time of his expalnation, linen shirts, leather shoes and a minimum of food and shelter were definitely to be regarded as essential to a minimum decent standard of living. Taxes on salt, soap, etc., he harshly criticized as inequitably taking from the poorest elements of society. Taxes on luxuries, which were to include tobacco, he considered excellent in that no one is obliged to contribute to the tax: "Taxes upon luxuries have no tendency to raise the price of any other commodities except that of the commodities taxed ... Taxes upon luxuries are finally paid by the consumers of the commodities taxed, without any retribution.

More deserving of praise is the tax on ground-rents: "Both ground- rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground-rents, and the ordinary rent of land are, therefore, perhaps the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them."

Excise, customs, taxes on profits, were, according to Smith, either expensive to collect, as in the case of excise, or disincentives to produce, as in the tax on profits. He reserves harsh words for taxes which occasion the invasion of privacy, and on the subject of excise he says: "To subject every private family to the odious visits and examination of the tax-gatherers ... would be altogether inconsistent with liberty."

So, Philippine tax system such as excise, customs, taxes on profits were not inclined with the country upon its being a democratic and these systems resemble how good is the leader of a country.

The harshest condemnation of all, however, was for taxes upon labour: "In all cases, a direct tax upon the wages of labour must, in the long run, occasion both a greater reduction in the rent of land, and a greater rise in the price of manufactured goods, than would have followed from a proper assessment of a sum equal to the produce of the tax, partly upon the rent of land, and partly upon consumable commodities."

III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Capital Gains Tax is a tax imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines, including pacto de retro sales and other forms of conditional sale.

Documentary Stamp Tax is a tax on documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto.

Donor's Tax is a tax on a donation or gift, and is imposed on the gratuitous transfer of property between two or more persons who are living at the time of the transfer.

Estate Tax is a tax on the right of the deceased person to transmit his/her estate to his/her lawful heirs and beneficiaries at the time of death and on certain transfers which are made by law as equivalent to testamentary disposition.

Income Tax is a tax on all yearly profits arising from property, profession, trades or offices or as a tax on a person's income, emoluments, profits and the like.


Percentage Tax is a business tax imposed on persons or entities who sell or lease goods, properties or services in the course of trade or business whose gross annual sales or receipts do not exceed P550,000 and are not VAT-registered.

Value Added Tax is a business tax imposed and collected from the seller in the course of trade or business on every sale of properties (real or personal) lease of goods or properties (real or personal) or vendors of services. It is an indirect tax, thus, it can be passed on to the buyer.

Withholding Tax on Compensation is the tax withheld from individuals receiving purely compensation income.

Expanded Withholding Tax is a kind of withholding tax which is prescribed only for certain payors and is creditable against the income tax due of the payee for the taxable quarter year.

Final Withholding Tax is a kind of withholding tax which is prescribed only for certain payors and is not creditable against the income tax due of the payee for the taxable year. Income Tax withheld constitutes the full and final payment of the Income Tax due from the payee on the said income.

With holding Tax on Government Money Payments is the withholding tax withheld by government offices and instrumentalities, including government-owned or -controlled corporations and local government units, before making any payments to private individuals, corporations, partnerships and/or associations. 

economics;00

John Carlo V. Pineda

BAMP-2A

an example of CRITICAL ANALYSIS

 

What could be the best Tax system for the Philippines?

I.INTRODUCTION

In every corner of the world, poverty is always present. A nation without impoverished citizens is virtually unimaginable. In the Philippines, poverty is not a new problem. In fact, poverty is considered one of the oldest problems ever to arise in the Philippines. It may be true that poverty will always be there as long as there is corruption in the government, but what can we do to reduce poverty if we cannot extinguish it? On the way to school, or anywhere outdoors, it is inevitable to see homeless people with sheets covering their bodies, street children running around, and beggars asking for alms from passers-by along the sidewalks. These people we are all familiar with are labeled as the poor people of society.

What does the word poor mean? According to RA 8425, or the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act, the poor people are “individuals and families whose income is far below the poverty threshold as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and/or cannot afford, in a sustained manner, to provide their minimum basic needs of food, healthcare, education, housing, and other essential amenities of life.” Unable to meet their basic needs most of the time, they search garbage cans for leftovers, look for new places to sleep in, and sometimes steal from those who have what they need. We feel sorry for them, but what is the use of sympathy to them? All we do is sympathize, yet we expect our nation to progress.

      Poverty is widespread in the Philippines. From the north of Luzon to the southernmost island of Mindanao, poverty can be witnessed among the inhabitants of the country. According to a 2011 survey done by the National Statistical Coordination Board, 26.9% of Filipino families, or 32.9% of Filipinos were living below the poverty threshold–the minimum income or expenditure required for a family or individual to meet the basic food and nonfood requirements.

      It is indeed factual that subject Economics is truly very helpful for us to realize the importance of our resources.

II.ADAM SMITH’S PRINCIPLES

Although Adam Smith is often quoted, the so-called "Father of Economics" has rarely been read, either by his detractors or his admirers. Consequently he is often misunderstood.

Smith, who made such a strong stand against the protectionist mercantile system of trade of his day, devoted over ONE THIRD of his masterpiece An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, to discussing the subject of government revenue and the methods by which it may be best collected, including new taxes. This is not generally known.

When examining the different forms of taxation, Smith adheres to four maxims which a good tax should conform to:

1.      "The subject of every State ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the State."

------ This simply say that everyone must pay a heed for this kind of economic tactics for it contributes a lot in developing a progressive country which can sustain our general welfare as a citizens.

2.      "The tax each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, and the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to ever other person."

------ The need of an individual to be satisfied in a clear manner of  taking part of his/her income must always present in every contribution transaction.

3.      "Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it."

------ So, in this case, it is also considered, the time that a person is convenient to pay for the contributor.

4.      "Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the State."

------ All of the purposes for the collection must always inclined in good hand to avoid graft and corruption.

Bearing all these things in mind, there are two types of taxation which obtain Smith's recommendations: a tax on luxury consumables and a tax on ground-rents (the annual value of holding a piece of land).

On the subject of luxury consumables, he is fixedt about the definiton of 'luxury' and of 'necessary.' By his definition, a 'necessary' may vary from place to place and from time to time. At the time of his expalnation, linen shirts, leather shoes and a minimum of food and shelter were definitely to be regarded as essential to a minimum decent standard of living. Taxes on salt, soap, etc., he harshly criticized as inequitably taking from the poorest elements of society. Taxes on luxuries, which were to include tobacco, he considered excellent in that no one is obliged to contribute to the tax: "Taxes upon luxuries have no tendency to raise the price of any other commodities except that of the commodities taxed ... Taxes upon luxuries are finally paid by the consumers of the commodities taxed, without any retribution.

More deserving of praise is the tax on ground-rents: "Both ground- rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground-rents, and the ordinary rent of land are, therefore, perhaps the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them."

Excise, customs, taxes on profits, were, according to Smith, either expensive to collect, as in the case of excise, or disincentives to produce, as in the tax on profits. He reserves harsh words for taxes which occasion the invasion of privacy, and on the subject of excise he says: "To subject every private family to the odious visits and examination of the tax-gatherers ... would be altogether inconsistent with liberty."

So, Philippine tax system such as excise, customs, taxes on profits were not inclined with the country upon its being a democratic and these systems resemble how good is the leader of a country.

The harshest condemnation of all, however, was for taxes upon labour: "In all cases, a direct tax upon the wages of labour must, in the long run, occasion both a greater reduction in the rent of land, and a greater rise in the price of manufactured goods, than would have followed from a proper assessment of a sum equal to the produce of the tax, partly upon the rent of land, and partly upon consumable commodities."

III. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Capital Gains Tax is a tax imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines, including pacto de retro sales and other forms of conditional sale.

Documentary Stamp Tax is a tax on documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto.

Donor's Tax is a tax on a donation or gift, and is imposed on the gratuitous transfer of property between two or more persons who are living at the time of the transfer.

Estate Tax is a tax on the right of the deceased person to transmit his/her estate to his/her lawful heirs and beneficiaries at the time of death and on certain transfers which are made by law as equivalent to testamentary disposition.

Income Tax is a tax on all yearly profits arising from property, profession, trades or offices or as a tax on a person's income, emoluments, profits and the like.


Percentage Tax is a business tax imposed on persons or entities who sell or lease goods, properties or services in the course of trade or business whose gross annual sales or receipts do not exceed P550,000 and are not VAT-registered.

Value Added Tax is a business tax imposed and collected from the seller in the course of trade or business on every sale of properties (real or personal) lease of goods or properties (real or personal) or vendors of services. It is an indirect tax, thus, it can be passed on to the buyer.

Withholding Tax on Compensation is the tax withheld from individuals receiving purely compensation income.

Expanded Withholding Tax is a kind of withholding tax which is prescribed only for certain payors and is creditable against the income tax due of the payee for the taxable quarter year.

Final Withholding Tax is a kind of withholding tax which is prescribed only for certain payors and is not creditable against the income tax due of the payee for the taxable year. Income Tax withheld constitutes the full and final payment of the Income Tax due from the payee on the said income.

With holding Tax on Government Money Payments is the withholding tax withheld by government offices and instrumentalities, including government-owned or -controlled corporations and local government units, before making any payments to private individuals, corporations, partnerships and/or associations.